Diagnostic Test

Part I: Multiple-Choice Questions

1 HOUR AND 10 MINUTES

1. Rocco is a fun-loving, easygoing fellow. He rarely gets angry or upset and never seems to be in a rush. Rocco would best be described as having

(A) an internal locus of control.
(B) a Type B personality.
(C) an Oedipus complex.
(D) an introverted temperament.
(E) self-actualized.

2. Tamil wants to see whether listening to Mozart will improve students’ performance on geometry exams. It is most important that her experimental group consist of

(A) students who already listen to Mozart.
(B) students randomly assigned to listen to Mozart.
(C) students randomly assigned not to listen to Mozart.
(D) students who have already completed geometry.
(E) students who have never studied geometry.

3. The space between the dendrites of one neuron and the terminal buttons of another is the

(A) node of Ranvier.
(B) axon.
(C) medulla.
(D) synapse.
(E) myelin sheath.

4. Which of the following factors helps most to explain the increasing rate of obesity in the United States over the last 100 years?

(A) the changing gene pool
(B) the sedentary nature of modern jobs
(C) the growth in popularity of the cities
(D) the increase in the length of the workday
(E) the lack of opportunities to exercise

5. Learned taste aversions generally result from

(A) negative reinforcement.
(B) shaping.
(C) insight learning.
(D) classical conditioning.
(E) operant conditioning.

6. Creativity is most closely associated with

(A) using algorithms.
(B) divergent thinking.
(C) functional fixedness.
(D) excellent recall ability.
(E) telegraphic speech.

7. Which theory of motivation best explains why some people enjoy dangerous hobbies such as skydiving and bungee jumping?

(A) drive reduction theory
(B) incentive theory
(C) arousal theory
(D) sociobiology
(E) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

8. After finishing work on a big English project, Leo’s room is a mess. His parents are furious and, without letting him explain, prohibit him from using his car or his cell phone for a month. Using this information, which parenting style are Leo’s parents most likely using?

(A) authoritative
(B)indulgent
(C) neglectful
(D) authoritarian
(E) democratic

9. Calinda is usually a hardworking, frugal single mother of two. Sometimes, however, she says her name is Meelo, a pop star, and instead of working she goes on spending sprees at local boutiques. On other occasions, she has been known to say that she is an eight-year-old boy named Curtis. Calinda’s symptoms are most typical of

(A) conversion disorder.
(B) dissociative identity disorder.
(C) schizophrenia.
(D) post-traumatic stress disorder.
(E) bipolar disorder.

10. Dr. Li thinks that Tony’s anxiety is due primarily to unresolved issues with his mother from his youth. Dr. Li would best be labeled a

(A) psychoanalyst.
(B) biomedical psychologist.
(C) behaviorist.
(D) cognitive psychologist.
(E) humanistic psychologist.

11. Which of the following types of approaches is used by the greatest number of clinical psychologists in the United States?

(A) eclectic
(B) psychodynamic
(C) humanistic
(D) client-centered
(E) systematic desensitization

12. If Marie Curie, James Madison, and Mahatma Gandhi had all taken an intelligence test and scored poorly, most people would doubt that the test was

(A) projective.
(B) standardized.
(C) valid.
(D) normed.
(E) reliable.

13. The easiest and most common technique used to gather information about people’s personalities is by

(A) administering projective tests.
(B) observing people’s behavior.
(C) using brain scans.
(D) asking people to fill out self-report inventories.
(E) using free association and dream analysis.

14. Saluja decides she wants to try hanging out with a new group of friends. She used to be on the debate team but now tries out for the spring musical. Which of Erikson’s stages is she most likely to be in?

(A) generativity versus stagnation
(B) intimacy versus isolation
(C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
(D) initiative versus guilt
(E) identity versus role confusion

15. Daniel is learning that five pennies spread out on his desk are the same number of coins as five pennies in a pile. According to Piaget, how old is Daniel likely to be?

(A) 1 year
(B) 2 years
(C) 4 years
(D) 8 years
(E) 13 years

16. Which part of the nervous system is most active in the exhaustion stage of Selye’s GAS?

(A) somatic
(B) peripheral
(C) central
(D) parasympathetic
(E) sympathetic

17. Your knowledge of skills such as how to tie your shoes or ride a bicycle is thought to be stored in which part of the brain?

(A) hippocampus
(B) cerebral cortex
(C) medulla
(D) amygdala
(E) cerebellum

18. Zach is leaving for college and wants to teach his parents how to program their DVR before he goes. What reinforcement schedule would be the most effective to teach them this new skill?

(A) continuous reinforcement
(B) fixed ratio
(C) fixed interval
(D) variable ratio
(E) variable interval

19. Which of the following is an opiate?

(A) cocaine
(B) amphetamines
(C) heroin
(D) nicotine
(E) caffeine

20. Which structure is found in the middle ear?

(A) stirrup
(B) auditory nerve
(C) cochlea
(D) organ of Corti
(E) pinna

​​21. Mr. Kan is making soup. After tasting it, he decides it needs more salt and slowly adds some until he can first detect that the soup is saltier than it was before. The amount of salt Mr. Kan needs to add depends on his

(A) absolute threshold.
(B) perceptual set.
(C) difference threshold.
(D) olfactory sensitivity.
(E) gate-control theory.

22. Which type of scan uses X-ray technology to examine the structure of the brain?

(A) PET
(B) MRI
(C) CAT
(D) EEG
(E) fMRI

23. To safeguard participants’ rights, prior to collecting any data, researchers are supposed to seek approval from

(A) the American Psychological Association.
(B) at least two licensed psychiatrists.
(C) an institutional review board.
(D) at least one psychiatrist and one psychologist.
(E) everyone on the research team.

24. Which of the following is the best example of basic research?

(A) A first-grade teacher tests two different methods of teaching reading
(B) A psychologist investigates how effective a new therapeutic approach is for treating phobias
(C) A campaign manager commissions a poll to see how popular her candidate’s stand on various issues is
(D) A developmental psychologist explores how children’s use of language changes as they age
(E) A social psychologist studies how charities can convince people to donate more generously

25. An extra chromosome on the 21st pair is associated with

(A) Alzheimer’s disease.
(B) Down syndrome.
(C) Tay-Sachs disease.
(D) Klinefelter’s syndrome.
(E) fetal alcohol syndrome.

26. Three-year-old Emma went to see a New York Yankees game in Yankee Stadium. From her seat in the bleachers, the players looked like tiny men, but as she walked toward the field, the players seemed to grow in size, as if by magic. Emma’s belief that the men grew larger is best explained by

(A) damage to her fovea.
(B) place theory.
(C) incomprehension about how to use the Gestalt principles of perception.
(D) her inability to use binocular cues.
(E) the fact that she is still developing size constancy.

27. Infants teach their parents to hold them a lot by crying whenever they are put down. When they are picked up, the babies stop crying. The parents are learning to pick up their babies via

(A) insight learning.
(B) positive reinforcement.
(C) negative reinforcement.
(D) latent learning.
(E) punishment.

28. Which of the following sentences illustrates overgeneralization?

(A) Toby is the fastest boy in the world.
(B) Homey don’t play that game.
(C) Dani goed to the store.
(D) Only human beings have the ability to used language.
(E) All dogs have fur.

29. What theory suggests that using the term “girls” to refer to women might affect the way those people think about women?

(A) the linguistic relativity hypothesis
(B) social learning theory
(C) the nativist theory of language
(D) signal detection theory
(E) arousal theory

30. Jenna invited Mari to a Ben Folds concert. Mari loves Ben Folds but loathes Jenna. What type of conflict is Mari experiencing?

(A) approach-approach
(B) avoidance-avoidance
(C) approach-avoidance
(D) multiple approach-avoidance
(E) None, she should just go to the concert.

31. Wilhelm Wundt’s early work led to the theory of

(A) functionalism.
(B) Gestalt psychology.
(C) trephination.
(D) repression.
(E) structuralism.

32. Which type of personality theorist would most likely be criticized for underestimating the impact of the environment?

(A) trait
(B) behaviorist
(C) cognitive
(D) psychodynamic
(E) social-cognitive

33. Which of the following seems to be least heritable?

(A) hair color
(B) heart disease
(C) religious beliefs
(D) conscientiousness
(E) extraversion

34. Mohammed is trying to develop a test that will predict how great someone’s potential is to be a prizefighter. This type of test would be best described as a (an)

(A) power test.
(B) speed test.
(C) achievement test.
(D) aptitude test.
(E) individual test.

35. Before you see a question on the AP Psychology exam, it is usually pretested on a group of college students taking an introductory course in psychology. This group of people are referred to as the

(A) standardization sample.
(B) validity testers.
(C) test population.
(D) basis for comparison.
(E) trial group.

36. Which of the following is a somatic symptom disorder?

(A) narcissistic personality disorder
(B) masochism
(C) generalized anxiety disorder
(D) psychogenic amnesia
(E) conversion disorder

37. Dr. Hernandez believes that poverty lies at the root of most of her inner-city clients’ mental illnesses. This perspective is best labeled

(A) humanistic.
(B) sociocultural.
(C) biomedical.
(D) cognitive.
(E) behavioral.

​38. A man calls Janie soliciting money for a charity that fights AIDS. He asks if they can count on Janie to contribute $100. Having never contributed to this charity before, Janie is taken aback by the amount and refuses. The representative of the charity then asks if Janie would be willing to make a $25 donation. What technique is the man representing the charity using?

(A) door-in-the-face
(B) lowballing
(C) norms of reciprocity
(D) self-fulfilling prophecy
(E) foot-in-the-door

39. Elsa hates her boss, but, in order to be successful at work, she goes out of her way to be nice to him. According to cognitive dissonance theory, Elsa’s behavior is likely to

(A) make her resent her boss.
(B) lead her to displace her hostility onto others.
(C) cause her to work below her potential.
(D) result in more positive feelings about her boss.
(E) produce psychological problems in other aspects of her life.

40. ECT is most likely to be used to treat

(A) schizophrenia.
(B) phobias.
(C) depression.
(D) antisocial personality disorder.
(E) ECT is no longer an accepted medical treatment.

41. Which of the following types of therapies would be classified as insight therapy?

(A) psychopharmacology
(B) psychosurgery
(C) flooding
(D) token economy
(E) client-centered therapy

42. Keela’s car breaks down. A woman driving by would be most likely to help her

(A) if the weather is bad.
(B) if they are on a highly trafficked road.
(C) if the driver is a highly religious woman.
(D) if they are on a desolate country road.
(E) if the driver is in a bad mood and can therefore sympathize with Keela.

43. Which of the following is a common symptom of depression?

(A) eating more than usual
(B) working harder than usual
(C) abandoning old hobbies and picking up new ones
(D) making a new group of friends
(E) feeling closer to one’s family

44. Kevin is hoping to find a mate who will love and support him despite all his faults. Carl Rogers might say that Kevin recognizes the importance of

(A) narcissism.
(B) reciprocal determinism.
(C) thematic apperception.
(D) self-actualization.
(E) unconditional positive regard.

45. One drawback of cross-sectional research is that

(A) differences between groups can be due to age or to cohort effects.
(B) it takes a long time to complete this type of research.
(C) participants are particularly likely to drop out during the study.
(D) it is more expensive than most other kinds of research.
(E) it is only effective with participants in certain socioeconomic strata.

46. Which of the following people demonstrates the most achievement motivation?

(A) Joey is a carpenter who is anxious to find a life partner with whom to settle down.
(B) Paula wants to make enough money as a doctor that she can work part-time and still support herself comfortably.
(C) Nino works in an office-supply store. He frequently volunteers to come in early or stay late and prides himself on being a good worker.
(D) Luther is in high school. He studies constantly because his parents give him $10 for every A he brings home, and Luther is saving up to buy a car.
(E) Rula works 80 hours a week at a corporate law firm she hates because she needs to support her extravagant lifestyle.

47. Research has shown that gay and heterosexual men differ in that

(A) homosexual men do not make good parents.
(B) some of their brain structures differ in size.
(C) heterosexual men are less likely to have suffered traumatic experiences as children.
(D) the mothers of gay men are unusually domineering.
(E) heterosexual men have more conflict with their parents.

48. In the past when Nuara’s computer wouldn’t print, she remedied the situation by restarting the computer. One day Nuara’s printer came unplugged, but instead of checking the connections, she repeatedly restarted the computer. Nuara’s behavior can best be explained by

(A) proactive interference.
(B) functional fixedness.
(C) belief bias.
(D) framing.
(E) mental set.

49. According to the partial reinforcement effect,

(A) highly desirable rewards are more effective than partial ones.
(B) it is essentially impossible to find a reinforcer that influences everyone.
(C) behaviors will be more resistant to extinction if they were reinforced intermittently.
(D) punishment is most effective when it is divorced entirely from any signs of reinforcers.
(E) people prefer certain types of reinforcement.

50. During a typical night of sleep, the average adult spends the most time in

(A) stage 1.
(B) stage 2.
(C) stage 3.
(D) stage 4.
(E) REM.

51. Paul stared out the window as the train he was on raced through the countryside. He noticed that the telephone poles near the tracks seemed to fly by while the houses in the distance seemed to move slowly. This apparent difference in speed of movement is known as

(A) texture gradient.
(B) motion parallax.
(C) stroboscopic motion.
(D) the phi phenomenon.
(E) relative speed.

52. In vision, the goal of accommodation is

(A) to focus the image on the retina.
(B) to maximize the amount of light that gets through the pupil.
(C) to decrease the size of the blind spot.
(D) to protect the lens.
(E) to help the eyes rotate.

53. Farnaz randomly selected 50 new mothers to interview out of the 362 new mothers who gave birth in Random City’s Central Hospital during the summer of 2011. What is Farnaz’s population?

(A) new mothers in Random City hospitals
(B) new mothers in urban areas in the United States
(C) new mothers throughout the world
(D) the 50 new mothers with whom Farnaz speaks
(E) the 362 new mothers at Central Hospital that summer

54. Sabrina finds a strong negative correlation between hours spent meditating and reported stress levels. Her findings indicate that

(A) if a person meditates daily, she or he will not experience any stress.
(B) people who meditate a lot tend to have higher stress levels.
(C) meditation lowers stress levels in humans.
(D) people with low stress levels meditate more than people with high stress levels.
(E) the failure to meditate is a major cause of stress in humans.

55. In the early 20th century in the United States, which of the following perspectives was most prominent?

(A) biological
(B) behaviorist
(C) psychoanalytic
(D) Gestalt
(E) cognitive

56. In which of the following groups would you expect to find the greatest standard deviation in IQ scores?

(A) the graduating class of Princeton University
(B) a special program for children who suffer from severe mental retardation
(C) elementary school students in a large public school system
(D) the entering class of an elite preparatory school in India
(E) girls who attend a small, single-sex private high school

57. Which of the following is a hormone?

(A) dopamine
(B) endorphins
(C) insulin
(D) GABA
(E) acetylcholine

58. Gonzo raised his hand to answer his teacher’s question. Which part of his nervous system most directly allowed him to perform this behavior?

(A) parasympathetic
(B) somatic
(C) autonomic
(D) sympathetic
(E) central

59. Which part of the brain is most important in regulating an animal’s sex drive?

(A) amygdala
(B) hypothalamus
(C) pituitary gland
(D) medulla
(E) hippocampus

60. Five-year-old Olivia has never been outside of her neighborhood in New York City. Walking home from school one day, Olivia saw a cow standing in the middle of a cement ball field. To recognize the cow, Olivia most likely had to rely on

(A) signal detection theory.
(B) perceptual set.
(C) bottom-up processing.
(D) difference threshold.
(E) brightness constancy.

61. After staring at a painting of a red and yellow parrot in a birdcage for a full minute, Saju turns his gaze to an empty birdcage painted on a white wall. What will he see in the empty cage?

(A) the red and yellow parrot
(B) a red and green parrot
(C) a green and blue parrot
(D) a blue and yellow parrot
(E) nothing, just an empty cage

62. In Tolman’s experiment on latent learning, latent learning was shown by

(A) the rats whose performance declined steadily throughout the trials.
(B) the rats whose progress improved steadily throughout the trials.
(C) the rats whose progress improved markedly once a reward was introduced.
(D) the rats whose progress declined markedly once a reward was introduced.
(E) the rats whose progress never improved significantly.

63. According to the contingency theory of classical conditioning,

(A) stronger URs result in better learning.
(B) the more pleasant the CR, the more likely it will be learned.
(C) the more times you pair a CS and US, the stronger the conditioning that will result.
(D) people learn best when the US precedes the CS.
(E) strength of conditioning depends on the extent to which the CS reliably predicts the US.

64. Which statement about memory is true?

(A) People can correctly gauge the accuracy of their memories.
(B) Children initially have accurate memories of their first few years of life but forget them as they age.
(C) Older people are worse at all types of memory tasks than are younger people.
(D) Memories are like stored video images.
(E) There is no one place in the brain where memories are stored.

65. Kelsey is an attractive 20-something with many friends. She is struggling to make a name for herself in Hollywood as an actress. Although she gets enough work to support herself, she does mostly commercials and small roles in minor films. Abraham Maslow would say that Kelsey is still striving to meet her need

(A) to self-actualize.
(B) for safety.
(C) for esteem.
(D) to belong.
(E) for power.

66. When a newborn baby is sleeping, which reflex will be elicited by a sudden noise or touch?

(A) Babinski
(B) plantar
(C) rooting
(D) Moro
(E) grasping

67. Kate, a newborn baby, probably most likes to look at

(A) her cousin’s toy robot.
(B) pastel colored blocks.
(C) her stuffed sheep.
(D) cartoons on television.
(E) her own face.

68. Roscoe works for a nasty and abusive boss but tells everyone what a wonderful woman she is. Psychoanalysts would say that Roscoe is using which of the following defense mechanisms?

(A) displacement
(B) reaction formation
(C) projection
(D) sublimation
(E) intellectualization

69. In a normal distribution, approximately what percentage of people’s scores fall between the z scores of –2 and +2?

(A) 25
(B) 50
(C) 75
(D) 82
(E) 95

70. The typical age of onset for schizophrenia is

(A) at birth.
(B) during childhood.
(C) during young adulthood.
(D) during middle age.
(E) after age 70.

71. Research suggests that genetic and other biological factors play the greatest role in causing

(A) simple phobias.
(B) agoraphobia.
(C) dissociative identity disorder.
(D) bipolar disorder.
(E) conversion disorder.

72. Armand is the president of his local chapter of the National Rifle Association (NRA). He incorrectly believes that only a tiny fringe element of Americans favor stronger gun control laws. Armand’s mistake is best explained by

(A) deindividuation.
(B) the just-world bias.
(C) norms of reciprocity.
(D) the false consensus effect.
(E) outgroup bias.

73. Dr. Lupin challenges her depressed clients’ beliefs that their lives are hopeless and without purpose and gives them homework assignments in which the clients are required to engage in the activities that used to bring them joy. What type of therapy is Dr. Lupin using?

(A) existential
(B) rational emotive behavior therapy
(C) Gestalt
(D) psychoanalytic
(E) modeling

74. Milgram’s obedience studies showed that

(A) members of minority groups were better able to stand up to authority figures than Caucasians.
(B) absolute obedience was best achieved under explicit threats.
(C) most people would obey an authority figure’s order to harm a stranger.
(D) people would follow orders up to a point but almost all refused to do something illegal or immoral.
(E) women are far more obedient than men are.

75. If Artie always seems to act competitively, even in situations where others do not, people are likely to make what kind of attribution about the cause of Artie’s competitiveness?

(A) fundamental
(B) situation-stable
(C) situation-unstable
(D) person-stable
(E) person-unstable

76. Which of the following is one of the main advantages of group therapy?

(A) The client develops lasting friendships with all the other members of the group.
(B) The success rate of group therapy is higher.
(C) It reduces the financial burden of therapy.
(D) Group therapists generally have more years of training than individual therapists.
(E) The therapy usually takes less time.

77. Tom is a Type A individual who is seeking short-term, focused psychotherapy to help him make his lifestyle healthier. With what kind of therapist do you think Tom would be happiest?

(A) behaviorist
(B) psychodynamic
(C) sociocultural
(D) humanistic
(E) somatic

78. Which of the following is an example of hostile aggression?

(A) Billy shoots a deer in order to feed his family supper.
(B) Joe beats up a man at an ATM because he wants to steal his money.
(C) Lula screams at her cat to scare him off the kitchen table.
(D) Tutti hits her younger brother because she’s angry at her mother.
(E) Mike pushes another man out of the way to grab the shirt he wants off the sale rack.

79. According to Howard Gardner, which of the following is a type of intelligence?

(A) naturalist
(B) practical
(C) experiential
(D) fluid
(E) general

​80. Dr. Kraysin rejects the Big Five model of personality because she believes that people are so different it is impossible to describe them all with a common set of traits. What kind of trait theory would Dr. Kraysin favor?

(A) cognitive
(B) psychodynamic
(C) idiographic
(D) sociocultural
(E) individual

81. Drinking alcohol while pregnant increases the chance that the child

(A) will be born with an addiction to alcohol.
(B) will have a low birth weight.
(C) will suffer from mental retardation.
(D) will grow up to be a drug dealer.
(E) will have heart disease.

82. Supporters of attachment parenting argue that babies like to be held all the time and that parents should seek to maximize the amount of physical contact they have with their babies. Such research is most in line with the findings of

(A) Gilligan.
(B) Piaget.
(C) Harlow.
(D) Freud.
(E) Kohlberg.

83. Isabella fondly remembers the first time she went skydiving. This information is an example of

(A) declarative memory.
(B) semantic memory.
(C) implicit memory.
(D) eidetic memory.
(E) procedural memory.

84. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion

(A) a specific physiological reaction to an event triggers the recognition of a specific emotion.
(B) the thalamus is the key part of the brain involved in emotion.
(C) an initial emotion leads to the expression of the antagonistic emotion and that second emotion grows stronger with repetition.
(D) emotions are expressed the same way across different cultures.
(E) different emotions result from different interpretations of similar physiological responses.

85. Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

(A) a girl learns to howl by watching wolves on a television show
(B) a parrot learns to say “mama” by listening to its owner
(C) a student learns to type through the process of trial and error
(D) a kitten learns to chase birds by copying its mother
(E) a boy learns to make his bed after his parents reward him with money

86. Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

(A) Jessica continues to talk during class even after being publicly reprimanded by the teacher.
(B) Melissa has learned to dig for earthworms only after it rains.
(C) Franz always bounces the basketball three times before shooting a free throw.
(D) After his father yells at and punishes him, Helmut winces when he hears a man yell on television.
(E) Mr. Black wants his students to call him by his first name and not to raise their hands. Weeks into the semester after having given up these habits, some of Mr. Black’s students still occasionally raise their hands.

87. In a normal distribution,

(A) 95 percent of the scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
(B) everyone scores within three standard deviations of the mean.
(C) the mean is always greater than the median.
(D) the mean, median, and mode are all equal.
(E) the standard deviation is always less than 1.0.

88. When a neuron initially depolarizes,

(A) sodium ions flow into the cell.
(B) chloride ions flow into the cell.
(C) magnesium ions flow into the cell.
(D) potassium ions flow out of the cell.
(E) strontium ions flow out of the cell.

89. The part of the brain most responsible for making decisions is the

(A) thalamus.
(B) amygdala.
(C) hippocampus.
(D) prefrontal cortex.
(E) corpus callosum.

90. Which of the following cognitive tendencies is most closely related to the problem of experimenter bias?

(A) the availability heuristic
(B) functional fixedness
(C) the representative heuristic
(D) confirmation bias
(E) overconfidence

91. As Mobu walked to homeroom, he passed dozens of his classmates in the hallway. What they were wearing that day was briefly in Mobu’s

(A) short-term memory.
(B) iconic memory.
(C) long-term memory.
(D) echoic memory.
(E) working memory.

92. Tiger lilies appear orange because they

(A) reflect orange light.
(B) absorb orange light.
(C) transduce orange light.
(D) reflect red light and absorb yellow light.
(E) reflect yellow light and absorb red light.

93. Your knowledge of who the first president of the United States was is usually found in which level of your consciousness?

(A) conscious
(B) nonconscious
(C) preconscious
(D) subconscious
(E) unconscious

94. Karl is so consumed by his fears of sexual inadequacy that he has not been on a date in over two years. To which of the following would a psychoanalyst be most likely to attribute Karl’s problem?

(A) an overly strong libido
(B) the reality principle
(C) the preconscious
(D) an anal expulsive personality
(E) a phallic fixation

95. Banu scored 130 on the WISC. What is his z score and approximately what percentile is he in?

(A) –2, 2nd
(B) –2, 16th
(C) 0, 50th
(D) 2, 90th
(E) 2, 98th

96. Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

(A) flat affect
(B) greater sensitivity toward others
(C) catatonia
(D) reduced depression
(E) hallucinations

97. Broca’s area is usually located in which part of the cortex?

(A) left frontal lobe
(B) right frontal lobe
(C) left temporal lobe
(D) right temporal lobe
(E) right parietal lobe

98. Dr. Soo is a psychiatrist who wants to prescribe a drug for one of her patients who is suffering from GAD. Which of the following drugs is she most likely to prescribe?

(A) tricyclic antidepressants
(B) Thorazine
(C) Haldol
(D) lithium
(E) Valium

99. One possible explanation for group polarization is

(A) outgroup bias.
(B) self-fulfilling prophecy.
(C) self-serving bias.
(D) the fundamental attribution error.
(E) diffusion of responsibility.

100. Which is typical of a positively skewed distribution?

(A) The mean is higher than the median.
(B) The mean is lower than the median.
(C) There are more high scores than low scores.
(D) The mode is higher than the median but lower than the mean.
(E) The mode is lower than the median but higher than the mean.

Part II: Free-Response Questions

50 MINUTES

1. Professor Willborn recently completed a naturalistic observation study on people who play violent video games. She submitted her work for publication and one of the reviewers suggested that she further investigate the relationship between violent video games and attitudes toward real-world violence using a different research method. Professor Willborn is considering using the experimental method or the correlational method for the follow-up study. Answer the following questions about both research methods:

• What variables would Professor Willborn examine in her experimental study? What variables would Professor Willborn examine in her correlational study? (Use specific terminology associated with the variables if appropriate.)
• How could Professor Willborn operationally define at least one of the variables in her experimental study? How could Professor Willborn operationally define at least one of the variables in her correlational study? (Do not define the same variable for both methods.)
• How could Professor Willborn organize her participants to gather data in her experimental study? How could Professor Willborn organize her participants to gather data in her correlational study?
• What kind of conclusion would Professor Willborn be able to form based on the results of her experimental study? What kind of conclusion would Professor Willborn be able to form based on the results of her correlational study? 

2. One of the important contributions of psychology has been to identify aspects of thinking and experiences outside of conscious awareness. Define each of the terms below and provide an example showing how each concept describes an influence on behavior that people are not consciously aware of.

• Selective attention
• Cognitive dissonance
• Fundamental attribution error
• Perceptual set
• Sensory memory