1. What is the frequency of a radio wave with a wavelength of 2.2 m?
(A) 3 × 10⁸ Hz
(B) 1.36 × 10⁸ Hz
(C) 7.3 × 10⁻⁹ Hz
(D) 2.2 × 10⁸ Hz

2. A ray of light is incident from a layer of crown glass (N = 1.52) upon a layer of water (N = 1.33). The critical angle of incidence for this situation is equal to
(A) 32°
(B) 41°
(C) 49°
(D) 61°

3. The relative index of refraction between two media is 1.20. Compared to the velocity of light in medium 1, the velocity of light in medium 2 will be
(A) greater by 1.2 times
(B) reduced by 1.2 times
(C) the same
(D) The velocity will depend on the two media.

4. What is the approximate angle of refraction for a ray of light incident from air on a piece of quartz at a 37° angle?
(A) 24°
(B) 37°
(C) 42°
(D) 66°

5. What is the velocity of light in alcohol (N = 1.36)?
(A) 2.2 × 10⁸ m/s
(B) 3 × 10⁸ m/s
(C) 4.08 × 10⁸ m/s
(D) 1.36 × 10⁸ m/s

6. If the velocity of light in a medium depends on its frequency, the medium is said to be
(A) refractive
(B) resonant
(C) diffractive
(D) dispersive

7. If the intensity of a monochromatic ray of light is increased while the ray is incident on a pair of narrow slits, the spacing between maxima in the diffraction pattern will be
(A) increased
(B) decreased
(C) the same
(D) increased or decreased, depending on the frequency

8. In the diagram below, a source of light (S) sends a ray toward the boundary between two media in which the relative index of refraction is less than 1. The angle of incidence is indicated by i. Which ray best represents the path of the refracted light?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D

9. A coin is placed at the bottom of a clear trough filled with water (N = 1.33) as shown below. Which point best represents the approximate location of the coin as seen by someone looking into the water?
(A) A
(B) B
(C) C
(D) D

10. If, in question 9, the water is replaced by alcohol (N = 1.36), the coin will appear to be
(A) higher
(B) lower
(C) the same
(D) higher or lower, depending on the depth of the alcohol

11.
(a) Light of wavelength 700 nm is directed onto a diffraction grating with 5,000 lines/cm. What are the angular deviations of the first- and second-order maxima from the central maxima?
(b) Explain why X rays, rather than visible light, are used to study crystal structure.

12. Light is incident on a piece of flint glass (N = 1.66) from the air in such a way that the angle of refraction is exactly half the angle of incidence. What are the values of the angles of incidence and the angle of refraction?

13. A ray of light passing through air is incident on a piece of quartz (N = 1.46) at an angle of 25°, as shown below. The quartz is 1.5 cm thick. Calculate the deviation d of the ray as it emerges back into the air.

14. Immersion oil is a transparent liquid used in microscopy. It has an absolute index of refraction equal to 1.515. A glass rod attached to the cap of a bottle of immersion oil is practically invisible when viewed at certain angles (under normal lighting conditions). Explain how this might occur.

15. Explain why total internal reflection occurs at boundaries between transparent media for which the relative index of refraction is less than 1.0.